References IvyPanda. Laws such as the Factory Act were passed to improve working conditions. Why is Martin Luther King Jr. Life was drastically changed during the Industrial Revolution, industrial revolution in europe essay. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. However, the major inventions in energy, chemicals, and materials such as steel increased the efficiency of research and growth of the micro inventions. The First Industrial Revolution, Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press,
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The European Industrial Revolution was a time of drastic change. In England it became a transformation from hand tools and hand made items to machined and mass-produced goods. The growth of factories replaced the cottage industries and spawned the development of cities. Growing cities and factories led to changes in transportation, labor, and working conditions. These changes generally helped workers lives, even though initially there were more negatives than positives. Workers would buy raw materials from merchants, take it back to their cottages, hence the name, industrial revolution in europe essay produce the goods at their homes.
This industry was efficient but the workers productivity was low. Subsequently, goods were high in price and exclusive to only wealthy people. The Industrial Revolution meant factories could mass-produce items at much lower costs than the cottage industries, making goods more affordable to consumers. With the invention of the steam engine, a shift from rural waterwheels to steam engines as an industrial power source facilitated the emergence of factories and industrial cities. Factories started the process of urbanization by causing people to leave rural sectors and move to the cities looking for a better life.
The increase in population in the cities caused overcrowding, industrial revolution in europe essay, pollution, and thus became a breeding ground for communicable diseases. Cities had a snowballing effect developing new business. New and improved transportation systems evolved. The developments in transportation played an important role in industrialization. Growing cities necessitated investments to be made in improving infrastructure, including roads, bridges, and canals. This paved the way for industrialization which needed an efficient system to transport mass amounts industrial revolution in europe essay goods from factories to markets. Factories changed the meaning of labor. Even if the hours worked were roughly the same in the factory or in the cottage, factory wage earners lost control over the pace and methods of their work.
Constant supervision was also a novel experience, at least for the head of the household. The head of the household, usually the father of the family, was the supervisor in the family run cottage. In the factories he lost his supervision power and was just a worker. Consequently men avoided factory work in the early nineteenth century. Most cottage working families chose to stay in their homes. As factory production grew, home workers saw their earnings shrink. The next generation cottage workers would find their choice tipped much more heavily toward factories. Life was drastically changed during the Industrial Revolution. Factory workers were living in germ infested, crowded and very unhealthful conditions, much like their place of work.
Children and women labored in harsh conditions, working long hours with little pay. Much of the British working class was worse off. Real wages stagnated while workers sacrificed freedom, health industrial revolution in europe essay family. Government involvement was needed to change these conditions. Laws such as the Factory Act were passed to improve working conditions. Bibliography Cross, Gary, industrial revolution in europe essay. Szostak, Rick. Technology and American Society. New Jersey: Prentice and Hall Inc, industrial revolution in europe essay. Martin, Mary. Weiner, Jerry. More, David. Lets Review: Global Studies. Lectures at The College of Aeronautics.
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With the advent of this revolution, industrial development marked the period of shift from the application of handmade tools to mass production, insurgence of modernized factories, and the use of unique drive and well powered machineries. Factories were built for mass production of various products that were initially handcrafted. The iron and textile industries emerged. There was development of the vapor engine. These industries played an essential role in the Industrial Revolution. Transport systems improved significantly. Communication and banking were enhanced by the revolution. The industrialization that took place in Europe saw the increase in volume.
New manufactured goods were developed. Some individuals benefitted from these developments as their lifestyles improved. However, employment opportunities reduced for the unskilled and living conditions worsened Wyatt Every country is treated as an economy with the progress of each being compared distinctly with some kind of implied model. Actually, many issues of direct significance to European industrialization functioned within political boundaries. When this was not the case, the issues were affected by political choices. In recent years, another reason has arisen for looking at industrialization in national terms. Most countries desiring to industrialize modernly are forced to mobilize the entire national power apparatus to push industrial revolution forward.
Consequently, such a move is meant to appear as a political will. By extension, this is applied to the European industrial revolution in the 19 th century. Prior to proceeding to look at the entire Europe which is a much bigger area than a country, as an appropriate model for studying industrialization, it is meaningful to digress to a unit smaller than a country. It is evident that in the pioneer, Great Britain, there were smaller divisions where the actual industrial revolution took place before spreading to the rest of the country and consequently to the entire Europe. Actually, industrial revolution came much earlier than documented.
South Lancashire and the Black Country were the places where industrialization begun. This was followed by development of industries in Lincolnshire and Kent. Concentrated industrial areas including Sheffield, Hallamshire and the West Country wool regions were revolutionized areas after the cotton regions. Some of the regions that were in the first phase of industrialization including North Wales, the Derbyshire uplands and Cornwall actually emerged as manufacturing concentrations in later phases Wyatt Besides the temporal sequences identified in early industrialization lay functional relationships contributing to industrialization.
Agrarian developments in some regions may have stirred in other less-advantaged ones. On the other hand, industrial or urban development in regions such as Lancashire impacted agrarian growth in neighboring counties. Britain is the birthplace of industrial revolution. Prior to the beginning of Industrial Revolution, majority of people in Britain lived in unimportant, rural communities. The daily existence of these populations depended on farming. Survival for the regular individual was difficult. There was meager income. Hunger and diseases were unvarying. The population produced most of their food, clothes, home fittings and equipment. The production was conducted in homesteads or small, countryside shops. Hand tools and uncomplicated machines were used.
The most important was the great deposit of coal and iron ore. These were fundamental for industrialization. Furthermore, the country was politically stable. This meant that it could source raw materials from the colonies. The colonies also acted as the marketplace for the finished goods West 6. The demand for finished goods increased rapidly. The traders of these products required more economical methods of producing the goods. Consequently, mechanization and the large-scale production system emerged. The fabric industry was significantly impacted by industrialization. Prior to mechanization and the emergence of the factory system, fabrics were produced mostly in homes. The production of fabric in homes resulted in the term cottage industry.
Traders would provide the raw materials to individual homes. They also provided uncomplicated equipment. They would then collect the finished goods. The labor environment at that time was at its worst, causing human right problems. How it works. There was no law to restrict these problems. Feeling the seriousness of this problem, people began to form trade unions. For example, In , labor union members from all parts of England gathered in Manchester to meet. They organized the TUC Trades union congress London by holding an annual meeting and making a decision to take action on matters related to the working class.
In the beginning, the TUC TUC. People also tried to solve the problem of child labor. At that time, there were many young children who were working in dangerous situations and who were not properly paid for their work. Children had to do dangerous things to survive, such as cleaning chimneys and operating aids. For example, there is the Labor Standards Act in the United Kingdom. Britain currently protects the human rights of children and workers by legally restricting the minimum wage by age, layoffs and employment and types of work. Urbanization is one of the enduring characteristics of the Industrial Revolution. Britain, for example, before industrialization 80 percent of its people lived in rural areas. Education was also a major improvement in the Industrial Revolution.
Recognition of the urgent necessity of giving moral, intellectual, and vocational education to the women of the masses so they can become the moral agents for the men of great masses document 7. Women are now given education so they can work for men, but having education for women is a major step of improvement because women were treated more as objects rather than actual human beings. John Wesley set up Sunday schools for the working class, helped the angry workers to not form a revolution toward social reform, and founded the Methodist Church because he believed the people needed a sense of personal faith. In the medical industry, new ways were used for huge advancements. New methods to make surgeries a lot safer, less painful, and keep germs from spreading inside the body.
Vaccinations had been created. The first vaccination was for smallpox created by Edward Jenner. Every town has one or more slum areas into which the working classes are packed document 5. The huge gap between the Capitalists and the urban working class caused such poverty for the workers that they huddled together in a very small area for warmth. The streets were full of filthy strewn with animal and vegetable refuse document 5 that the air they would regularly breathe was intoxicated and unhealthy. The poverty of the proletariats led to child labor. Factories employed children at 5 years old, and they worked hours a day.
Children were regularly being hit with a strap to make them work faster, and in some factories, they were dipped headfirst into a tank of water if they were getting sleepy. Those who ran away were in danger of being sent to jail. The ventilation was so bad people were dying from that more than natural causes or wounds. There were 43, cases of widowhood and , destitute orphanages from the working class document 6. Parents agreed that their children should work to help support the family. In Great Britain, the demographic ascended. The working class was having lots of children that they couldnt afford to support so they gave them up as orphans. The number of urban cities increased, and the population went from most areas having forty to one-hundred thirty people living there in , large cities are Britain had over one-hundred thirty people living there in document 4.
The new middle class was very small. Families who were once urban workers now lived in nice homes and ate and dressed well. Many believed that the poor are responsible for their distress.
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